SPL RF Nov 2020

EN_01453193_0042

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caption

Excitatory synapse, illustration. A synapse is a junction between two neurons (nerve cells). An excitatory synapse increases the likelihood of an action potential firing in the postsynaptic cell. The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system is glutamate (red, white and blue molecules). Glutamate transporters (1) move the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles (round), with the help of ATPase (5). Vesicle movement to the presynaptic membrane (upper orange line) is regulated by the proteins synapsin (2) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII, 6). Phosphorylation of synapsin by protein kinase A (PKA, 3 and 4) transports the vesicle to the presynaptic membrane. The vesicle binds with a calcium channel (8) on the presynaptic membrane, facilitated by SNARE proteins (7), triggering the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Glutamate binds to NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate, 11) and AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, 12) receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (lower orange line) allowing calcium ions (yellow) to pass through them, changing the electrical charge within the cell and starting an action potential. The cell adhesion proteins neurexin (9) and neuroligin (10) connect the two neurons at the synapse. Actin filaments (13) are also seen in the postsynaptic cell. For an unlabelled version of this image see F032/1154.

headline SPL RF Nov 2020

created date 2020-11-07

credit JUAN GAERTNER/Science Photo Library/East News

source Science Photo Library RF

byline JUAN GAERTNER

original transmission reference f0321155

weight 17,34MB

size 67cm x 50cm by 300dpi

keywords - Show

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